Summer Biathlon World Championships
The Summer Biathlon World Championships are the world championships in summer biathlon which have been held annually since 1996.
Cross-country running
Men
Individual (6 km)
This event was only held in 1996.
| Year | Location | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1996 |  Hochfilzen |  Alexei Kobelev (RUS) |  Janez Ožbolt (SLO) |  Vadim Sashurin (BLR) |
Sprint (4 km)
| Year | Location | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1996 | Hochfilzen |  Wilfried Pallhuber (ITA) |  Ole Einar Bjørndalen (NOR) | Vladimir Drachev (RUS) |
| 1997 |  Kraków | Wilfried Pallhuber (ITA) |  Dimitri Borovik (EST) | Ole Einar Bjørndalen (NOR) |
| 1998 |  Brezno-Osrblie | Alexei Kobelev (RUS) | Wilfried Pallhuber (ITA) | Oleg Rudenko (RUS) |
| 1999 | Minsk | Rustam Valiullin (BLR) | Vadim Sashurin (BLR) | Alexei Kobelev (RUS) |
| 2000 | Khanty-Mansiysk | Indrek Tobreluts (EST) | Dmitriy Nikiforov (RUS) |  Ilmārs Bricis (LAT) |
| 2001 | Duszniki-Zdrój | Dimitri Borovik (EST) | Alexey Kovyazin (RUS) | Macjej Wojciechowski (POL) |
| 2002 |  Jablonec nad Nisou | Marek Matiaško (SVK) |  Maksim Malenkih (KGZ) |  Michael Genz (GER) |
| 2003 | Forni Avoltri |  Olexander Bilanenko (UKR) | Alexey Kovyazin (RUS) | Marko Dolenc (SLO) |
| 2004 | Brezno-Osrblie | Zdeněk Vítek (CZE) | Indrek Tobreluts (EST) | Dimitri Borovik (EST) |
| 2005 |  Muonio | Alexander Kachanovski (RUS) | Alexandr Syman (BLR) | Alexandr Ustinov (BLR) |
| 2006 | Ufa | Sergey Balandin (RUS) | Indrek Tobreluts (EST) | Dmitriy Nikiforov (RUS) |
| 2007 | Otepää | Olexander Bilanenko (UKR) | Marek Matiaško (SVK) | Alexey Katrenko (RUS) |
| 2008 |  Haute Maurienne | Alexey Katrenko (RUS) |  Dias Keneshev (KAZ) |  Ruslan Nasirov (UZB) |
| 2009 | Oberhof | Alexey Katrenko (RUS) | Ruslan Nasirov (UZB) | Miroslav Matiaško (SVK) |
Pursuit (6 km)
This event was not held in 2007.
| Year | Location | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1997 | Kraków | Wilfried Pallhuber (ITA) | Konstantin Popov (RUS) | Vadim Sashurin (BLR) |
| 1998 | Brezno-Osrblie | Wilfried Pallhuber (ITA) | Alexei Kobelev (RUS) | Konstantin Popov (RUS) |
| 1999 | Minsk | Vadim Sashurin (BLR) | Ilmārs Bricis (LAT) | Alexei Kobelev (RUS) |
| 2000 | Khanty-Mansiysk | Dmitriy Nikiforov (RUS) | Indrek Tobreluts (EST) | Alexey Kovyazin (RUS) |
| 2001 | Duszniki-Zdrój | Ilmārs Bricis (LAT) | Dimitri Borovik (EST) | Ivan Pesterev (BLR) |
| 2002 | Jablonec nad Nisou | Dmitriy Nikiforov (RUS) | Marko Dolenc (SLO) | Marek Matiaško (SVK) |
| 2003 | Forni Avoltri | Alexey Kovyazin (RUS) | Olexander Bilanenko (UKR) | Oleg Rudenko (RUS) |
| 2004 | Brezno-Osrblie | Zdeněk Vítek (CZE) | Sergey Balandin (RUS) | Alexey Mironov (RUS) |
| 2005 | Muonio | Alexander Kachanovski (RUS) | Jaroslav Soukup (CZE) | Rustam Valiullin (BLR) |
| 2006 | Ufa | Sergey Balandin (RUS) | Indrek Tobreluts (EST) | Ondřej Moravec (CZE) |
| 2008 | Haute Maurienne | Alexey Katrenko (RUS) | Sergey Balandin (RUS) | Dias Keneshev (KAZ) |
| 2009 | Oberhof | Alexey Katrenko (RUS) | Ruslan Nasirov (UZB) | Alexander Kachanovski (RUS) |
Mass start (6 km)
This event was first held in 2003. It was not held in 2006, and last held in 2007.
| Year | Location | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2003 | Forni Avoltri | Olexander Bilanenko (UKR) | Vyacheslav Derkach (UKR) | Marek Matiaško (SVK) |
| 2004 | Brezno-Osrblie | Pavol Hurajt (SVK) | Timur Nurmeev (RUS) | Alexey Mironov (RUS) |
| 2005 | Muonio | Alexandr Syman (BLR) | Alexei Kobelev (RUS) | Jaroslav Soukup (CZE) |
| 2007 | Otepää | Alexey Katrenko (RUS) | Indrek Tobreluts (EST) | Ivan Bogdanov (RUS) |
Relay (4 × 4 km)
This event was first held in 1997 and last held in 2005. From 1997 to 2002 the distance was 4 × 6 km.
| Year | Location | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1997 | Kraków |
Norway Egil Gjelland Jon Per Nygaard Dag Bjørndalen Ole Einar Bjørndalen |
Russia Oleg Rudenko Dmitriy Nikiforov Konstantin Popov Sergey Rusinov |
Estonia Dimitri Borovik Roland Lessing Indrek Tobreluts Kalju Ojaste |
| 1998 | Brezno-Osrblie |
Russia Oleg Rudenko Konstantin Popov Sergei Konovalov Vladimir Bekhterev |
Ukraine Mykhaylo Syzon Yuriy Dmitrenko Olexander Bilanenko Vyacheslav Derkach |
Poland Grzegorz Grzywa Tomasz Sikora Kazimier Urbaniak Wojciech Kozub |
| 1999 | Minsk |
Russia Alexei Kobelev Sergey Prosvirnin Alexsey Kovyazin Dmitriy Nikiforov |
Latvia Oļegs Maļuhins Gundars Upenieks Jēkabs Nākums Ilmārs Bricis |
Estonia Dimitri Borovik Roland Lessing Indrek Tobreluts Margus Ader |
| 2000 | Khanty-Mansiysk |
Russia Alexsey Kovyazin Andrei Prokunin Dmitriy Nikiforov Sergey Prosvirnin |
Latvia Oļegs Maļuhins Gundars Upenieks Jēkabs Nākums Ilmārs Bricis |
Estonia Dimitri Borovik Roland Lessing Indrek Tobreluts Janno Prants |
| 2001 | Duszniki-Zdrój |
Belarus Alexei Aidarov Rustam Valiullin Alexandr Ustinov Ivan Pesterev |
Latvia Oļegs Maļuhins Ilmārs Bricis Jēkabs Nākums Gundars Upenieks |
Russia Alexsey Kovyazin Dmitriy Nikiforov Ivan Bogdanov Alexei Cheparev |
| 2002 | Jablonec nad Nisou |
Russia Alexei Kobelev Pavel Chupriyanov Sergey Prosvirnin Dmitriy Nikiforov |
Belarus Ivan Pesterev Sergey Novikov Alexandr Ustinov Vadim Sashurin |
Slovakia Marek Matiaško Radovan Cienik Pavol Novák Davorín Škvaridlo |
| 2003 | Forni Avoltri |
Ukraine Olexander Bilanenko Andriy Deryzemlya Alexei Korobeynikov Vyacheslav Derkach |
Russia Oleg Rudenko Alexei Cheparev Timur Nurmeev Alexsey Kovyazin |
Slovakia Marek Matiaško Radovan Cienik Davorín Škvaridlo Pavol Hurajt |
| 2004 | Brezno-Osrblie |
Belarus Alexandr Syman Rustam Valiullin Alexandr Ustinov Ivan Pesterev |
Russia Alexey Mironov Timur Nurmeev Alexei Cheparev Sergey Balandin |
Slovakia Pavol Hurajt Radovan Cienik Miroslav Matiaško Marek Matiaško |
| 2005 | Muonio |
Czech Republic Michal Šlesingr Ondřej Moravec Miroslav Tomeš Jaroslav Soukup |
Russia Alexei Kobelev Oleg Rudenko Ivan Bogdanov Alexander Kachanovski |
Belarus Alexandr Ustinov Sergey Novikov Rustam Valiullin Alexandr Syman |
Women
Individual (4 km)
This event was only held in 1996.
| Year | Location | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1996 | Hochfilzen | Olessia Toupilenko (RUS) | Gunn Margit Andreassen (NOR) |  Liu Jinfeng (CHN) |
Sprint (3 km)
From 1996 to 2002 the distance was 4 km.
| Year | Location | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1996 | Hochfilzen | Yu Shumei (CHN) | Olessia Toupilenko (RUS) | Inna Sheshkil (KAZ) |
| 1997 | Kraków | Olga Nazarova (BLR) | Irina Tananaiko (BLR) |  Larisa Timchina (MDA) |
| 1998 | Brezno-Osrblie | Nadezhda Talanova (RUS) | Nina Lemesh (UKR) | Adrianna Babik (POL) |
| 1999 | Minsk | Svetlana Ishmouratova (RUS) | Natalia Levchenkova (RUS) | Magdalena Grzywa (POL) |
| 2000 | Khanty-Mansiysk | Natalya Sokolova (RUS) | Evgenia Mikhaylova (RUS) | Olga Nazarova (BLR) |
| 2001 | Duszniki-Zdrój | Natalya Sokolova (RUS) | Evgenia Mikhaylova (RUS) | Olga Nazarova (BLR) |
| 2002 | Jablonec nad Nisou | Olga Nazarova (BLR) | Magdalena Grzywa (POL) | Ludmila Arlouskaya (BLR) |
| 2003 | Forni Avoltri | Olga Nazarova (BLR) | Olena Zubrilova (BLR) | Inna Kasimova (RUS) |
| 2004 | Brezno-Osrblie | Olga Nazarova (BLR) | Oksana Neupokoeva (RUS) | Svetlana Khandohina (BLR) |
| 2005 | Muonio | Natalya Sokolova (BLR) | Tatiana Moiseeva (RUS) | Lubov Ermolaeva (RUS) |
| 2006 | Ufa | Natalya Sokolova (BLR) | Ekaterina Sidorenko (RUS) | Tatiana Moiseeva (RUS) |
| 2007 | Otepää | Natalya Sokolova (BLR) | Elena Khrustaleva (KAZ) | Lyudmyla Pysarenko (UKR) |
| 2008 | Haute Maurienne | Ekaterina Sidorenko (RUS) | Lubov Ermolaeva (RUS) | Anastasia Kuznetsova (RUS) |
| 2009 | Oberhof | Iryna Babetskaya (BLR) | Olga Nazarova (BLR) | Juliane Döll (GER) |
Pursuit (5 km)
From 1997 to 2002 the distance was 6 km. This event was not held in 2007.
| Year | Location | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1997 | Kraków | Olga Nazarova (BLR) | Olessia Toupilenko (RUS) | Irina Tananaiko (BLR) |
| 1998 | Brezno-Osrblie | Martina Schwarzbacherová (SVK) | Nina Lemesh (UKR) | Magdalena Grzywa (POL) |
| 1999 | Minsk | Natalya Sokolova (RUS) | Svetlana Ishmouratova (RUS) | Natalia Levchenkova (RUS) |
| 2000 | Khanty-Mansiysk | Natalya Sokolova (RUS) | Olga Nazarova (BLR) | Evgenia Mikhaylova (RUS) |
| 2001 | Duszniki-Zdrój | Evgenia Mikhaylova (RUS) | Natalya Sokolova (RUS) | Olga Nazarova (BLR) |
| 2002 | Jablonec nad Nisou | Olga Nazarova (BLR) | Magdalena Grzywa (POL) | Ludmila Arlouskaya (BLR) |
| 2003 | Forni Avoltri | Olga Nazarova (BLR) | Olena Zubrilova (BLR) | Inna Kasimova (RUS) |
| 2004 | Brezno-Osrblie | Olga Nazarova (BLR) | Svetlana Khandohina (BLR) | Lubov Ermolaeva (RUS) |
| 2005 | Muonio | Natalya Sokolova (BLR) | Tatiana Moiseeva (RUS) | Lubov Ermolaeva (RUS) |
| 2006 | Ufa | Tatiana Moiseeva (RUS) | Natalya Sokolova (BLR) | Ekaterina Sidorenko (RUS) |
| 2008 | Haute Maurienne | Ekaterina Sidorenko (RUS) | Lubov Ermolaeva (RUS) | Anastasia Kuznetsova (RUS) |
| 2009 | Oberhof | Natalya Sokolova (RUS) | Olga Nazarova (BLR) | Elena Khrustaleva (KAZ) |
Mass start (5 km)
This event was first held in 2003. It was not held in 2006, and last held in 2007.
| Year | Location | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2003 | Forni Avoltri | Tatiana Moiseeva (RUS) | Olga Nazarova (BLR) | Olena Zubrilova (BLR) |
| 2004 | Brezno-Osrblie | Olga Nazarova (BLR) | Lubov Ermolaeva (RUS) | Svetlana Khandohina (BLR) |
| 2005 | Muonio | Natalya Sokolova (BLR) | Tatiana Moiseeva (RUS) | Olga Nazarova (BLR) |
| 2007 | Otepää | Natalya Sokolova (BLR) | Elena Khrustaleva (KAZ) | Natalia Sorokina (RUS) |
Relay (4 × 3 km)
This event was first held in 1997 and last held in 2005. From 1997 to 2002 the distance was 4 × 4 km.
| Year | Location | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1997 | Kraków |
Belarus Irina Tananaiko Natalia Permiakova Natalia Moroz Svetlana Paramygina |
Slovakia Martina Halinárová Anna Murínová Marcela Pavkovčeková Soňa Mihoková |
Poland Magdalena Grzywa Iwona Grzywa Adrianna Babik Dorota Gruca |
| 1998 | Brezno-Osrblie |
Belarus Irina Tananaiko Natalia Ryzhenkova Natalia Murschtschakina Svetlana Paramygina |
Slovakia Martina Schwarzbacherová Anna Murínová Tatiana Kutlíková Marcela Pavkovčeková |
Russia Olga Palikova Elena Safarova Elena Dumnova Nadezhda Talanova |
| 1999 | Minsk |
Russia Natalia Levchenkova Evgenia Mikhaylova Natalya Sokolova Svetlana Ishmouratova |
Belarus Inna Sheshkil Natalia Permiakova Irina Tananaiko Svetlana Paramygina |
Ukraine Oksana Glova Oksana Yakovleva Tetiana Lytovchenko Irina Merkushina |
| 2000 | Khanty-Mansiysk |
Belarus Irina Tananaiko Svetlana Paramygina Ludmila Arlouskaya Olga Nazarova |
Russia Svetlana Dementyeva Evguenia Koutsepalova Natalya Sokolova Evgenia Mikhaylova |
 United StatesAnn Sorenson Kristina Sabasteanski Jill Troutner Nicole Hunt |
| 2001 | Duszniki-Zdrój |
Russia Raisa Matveeva Evgenia Mikhaylova Natalya Sokolova Oksana Neupokoeva |
Belarus Irina Tananaiko Ksenia Zikounkova Ludmila Arlouskaya Olga Nazarova |
Ukraine Tetiana Lytovchenko Olena Demydenko Lyudmyla Sahaydak Olena Zubrilova |
| 2002 | Jablonec nad Nisou |
Russia Raisa Matveeva Natalia Artsybacheva Olesya Fedoseeva Lubov Ermolaeva |
Belarus Olena Zubrilova Ksenia Zikounkova Ludmila Arlouskaya Olga Nazarova |
Czech Republic Pavla Matyášová Zdeňka Vejnarová Irena Česneková Kateřina Holubcová |
| 2003 | Forni Avoltri |
Belarus Ekaterina Ivanova Olena Zubrilova Liudmila Ananko Olga Nazarova |
Russia Inna Kasimova Oksana Neupokoeva Natalia Artsybacheva Tatiana Moiseeva |
Italy Maryke Ciaramidaro Romina Demetz Katja Haller Dominique Vallet |
| 2004 | Brezno-Osrblie |
Belarus Svetlana Khandohina Ekaterina Ivanova Liudmila Kalinchik Olga Nazarova |
Russia Lubov Ermolaeva Anna Sotnikova Natalia Artsybacheva Oksana Neupokoeva |
Slovakia Zuzana Hasillová Anna Murínová Petra Slezáková Soňa Mihoková |
| 2005 | Muonio |
Belarus Ekaterina Ivanova Olga Nazarova Ksenia Zikounkova Natalya Sokolova |
Russia Lubov Ermolaeva Evgenia Mikhaylova Ekaterina Sidorenko Tatiana Moiseeva |
Czech Republic Tereza Hlavsová Pavla Matyášová Klára Moravcová Michaela Balatková |
Mixed
Relay (2 × 3 km + 2 × 4 km)
This event was only held in 2006 and 2007.
| Year | Location | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2006 | Ufa |
Russia Ekaterina Sidorenko Evgenia Mikhaylova Dmitriy Nikiforov Sergey Balandin |
Czech Republic Pavla Matyášová Zdeňka Vejnarová Jaroslav Soukup Ondřej Moravec |
Belarus Tatyana Shyntar Natalya Sokolova Alexandr Ustinov Vitalii Pertzev |
| 2007 | Otepää |
Russia Evgenia Mikhaylova Anna Sorokina Alexey Katrenko Ivan Bogdanov |
Ukraine Svetlana Krykonchuk Lyudmyla Pysarenko Oleg Berezhnoy Olexander Bilanenko |
Czech Republic Pavla Matyášová Zdeňka Vejnarová Jaroslav Soukup Ondřej Moravec |
Roller skiing
Men
Sprint (10 km)
| Year | Location | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2006 | Ufa | Maxim Tchoudov (RUS) | Ondřej Moravec (CZE) | Danilo Kodela (SLO) |
| 2007 | Otepää | Mikhail Kochkin (RUS) | Maxim Tchoudov (RUS) | Roland Lessing (EST) |
| 2008 | Haute Maurienne | Simon Fourcade (FRA) | Vincent Defrasne (FRA) | Kirill Shcherbakov (RUS) |
| 2009 | Oberhof | Christoph Stephan (GER) | Michael Rösch (GER) | Christoph Knie (GER) |
| 2010 | Duszniki-Zdrój | Dušan Šimočko (SVK) | Matej Kazár (SVK) | Andrejs Rastorgujevs (LAT) |
| 2011 | Nové Město | Dmitri Yaroshenko (RUS) | Olexander Bilanenko (UKR) |  Vladimir Iliev (BUL) |
| 2012 | Ufa | Maxim Tchoudov (RUS) | Alexey Volkov (RUS) | Anton Shipulin (RUS) |
| 2013 | Forni Avoltri | Lukas Hofer (ITA) | Tomáš Hasilla (SVK) | Simon Kočevar (SLO) |
| 2014 | Tyumen | Ondřej Moravec (CZE) | .svg.png){kind=small} Michael Rösch (BEL) | Martin Otčenáš (SVK) |
| 2015 |  Cheile Grădiștei | Vladimir Iliev (BUL) | Artem Pryma (UKR) | Martin Otčenáš (SVK) |
Pursuit (12.5 km)
| Year | Location | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2006 | Ufa | Maxim Tchoudov (RUS) | Krzysztof Pływaczyk (POL) | Maksim Sokovnin (RUS) |
| 2007 | Otepää | Aleksander Grizman (RUS) | Maxim Tchoudov (RUS) | Mikhail Kochkin (RUS) |
| 2008 | Haute Maurienne | Simon Fourcade (FRA) | Vincent Defrasne (FRA) |  Matthias Simmen (SWI) |
| 2009 | Oberhof | Michael Rösch (GER) | Christoph Stephan (GER) | Alexander Wolf (GER) |
| 2010 | Duszniki-Zdrój | Matej Kazár (SVK) | Timofey Lapshin (RUS) | Andrejs Rastorgujevs (LAT) |
| 2011 | Nové Město | Dmitri Yaroshenko (RUS) | Olexander Bilanenko (UKR) | Krasimir Anev (BUL) |
| 2012 | Ufa | Alexey Volkov (RUS) | Maxim Tchoudov (RUS) | Andrei Makoveev (RUS) |
| 2013 | Forni Avoltri | Klemen Bauer (SLO) | Lukas Hofer (ITA) | Markus Windisch (ITA) |
| 2014 | Tyumen | Michael Rösch (BEL) | Klemen Bauer (SLO) | Krasimir Anev (BUL) |
| 2015 | Cheile Grădiștei | Martin Otčenáš (SVK) | Artem Pryma (UKR) | Matej Kazár (SVK) |
Women
Sprint (7.5 km)
| Year | Location | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2006 | Ufa | Svetlana Tchernousova (RUS) | Marina Bortchoukova (RUS) | Lenka Faltusová (CZE) |
| 2007 | Otepää | Kaisa Mäkäräinen (FIN) | Lilia Efremova (UKR) | Tetiana Rud (UKR) |
| 2008 | Haute Maurienne | Teja Gregorin (SLO) | Marie-Laure Brunet (FRA) | Maria Kossinova (RUS) |
| 2009 | Oberhof | Magdalena Neuner (GER) | Maria Kossinova (RUS) | Natalia Levchenkova (MDA) |
| 2010 | Duszniki-Zdrój | Krystyna Pałka (POL) | Agnieszka Cyl (POL) | Ľubomíra Kalinová (SVK) |
| 2011 | Nové Město | Vita Semerenko (UKR) | Krystyna Pałka (POL) | Jana Gereková (SVK) |
| 2012 | Ufa | Olga Zaitseva (RUS) | Vita Semerenko (UKR) | Olga Vilukhina (RUS) |
| 2013 | Forni Avoltri | Dorothea Wierer (ITA) | Jitka Landová (CZE) | Karin Oberhofer (ITA) |
| 2014 | Tyumen | Teja Gregorin (SLO) Krystyna Guzik (POL) | — | Tang Jialin (CHN) |
| 2015 | Cheile Grădiștei | Olga Abramova (UKR) | Monika Hojnisz (POL) | Magdalena Gwizdoń (POL) |
Pursuit (10 km)
| Year | Location | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2006 | Ufa | Elena Davgul (RUS) | Svetlana Tchernousova (RUS) | Krystyna Pałka (POL) |
| 2007 | Otepää | Kaisa Mäkäräinen (FIN) | Tetiana Rud (UKR) | Yana Romanova (RUS) |
| 2008 | Haute Maurienne | Teja Gregorin (SLO) | Marie-Laure Brunet (FRA) | Natalia Levchenkova (MDA) |
| 2009 | Oberhof | Magdalena Neuner (GER) | Teja Gregorin (SLO) | Oksana Khvostenko (UKR) |
| 2010 | Duszniki-Zdrój | Agnieszka Cyl (POL) | Krystyna Pałka (POL) | Magdalena Gwizdoń (POL) |
| 2011 | Nové Město | Krystyna Pałka (POL) | Vita Semerenko (UKR) | Weronika Nowakowska-Ziemniak (POL) |
| 2012 | Ufa | Vita Semerenko (UKR) | Olga Zaitseva (RUS) | Olena Pidhrushna (UKR) |
| 2013 | Forni Avoltri | Jitka Landová (CZE) | Anna Boulygina (RUS) |  Victoria Padial Hernández (SPA) |
| 2014 | Tyumen | Teja Gregorin (SLO) | Vita Semerenko (UKR) | Tang Jialin (CHN) |
| 2015 | Cheile Grădiștei | Olga Abramova (UKR) | Monika Hojnisz (POL) | Juliya Dzhyma (UKR) |
Mixed
Relay (2 × 6 km + 2 × 7.5 km)
See also
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